Junk Science That is Eugenics Essay

In Dan Agin’s Junk Science: How Politicians, Corporations, and Other Hacksters Betray Us, he scoffed at eugenics as one of the â€Å"most disastrous examples of the ignoble application of science†. In the age where scientific breakthroughs and development have been achieved, scientists have devised some ways in which selective breeding are used in plants and animals to improve the chance of survival of their species. Of course, they did not throw away the idea of applying the same process of improving humans and eliminate undesirable characteristics in them. British biologist Francis Galton (1822–1911) coined the word â€Å"eugenics† in 1883, which in Greek literally meant â€Å"good in birth†. Galton believed that marital unions between people of what he regarded as â€Å"excellent genetic stock† could be expected to produce offspring with the same or similar qualities (Last, 2007). However, the eugenics movement was frowned upon by many people because it was used by the Nazi regime in Germany, as it pushed improve to human race by eliminating the people they despised – the Jews. Thus, eugenics and racism are linked by the fact that every person will have their own rights and it is prone to be abused by people who want to dominate the weak. As a cousin of Charles Darwin who introduced to the world the theory of evolution, Galton incorporated the Darwin’s idea of survival of the fittest into his notion of eugenics. The goal of eugenics was the improvement of the human species through the careful selection of parents. Galton identified two primary processes to achieve this end. Positive eugenics encouraged individuals who were above average both mentally and physically to produce more offspring. Negative eugenics proposed that individuals who were below average should have fewer or no children. This second proposal could be achieved through institutional segregation, marriage restrictions, or sterilization (Berson & Cruz, 2001, p. 300). His exact words for these processes were eugenics’ first objective is â€Å"to check the birth-rate of the unfit †¦ the second object is the improvement of the race by furthering the productivity of the fit. † Galton used the word race in its nineteenth-century sense to designate the population of the nation state and not in the broader twentieth-century sense. Galton seems to have believed that the reason why it would be desirable to improve the genetic quality of a nation’s population is that this determines the quality of its civilization and the economic and military strength of the nation. It is clear that eugenics can be used for racism. Since racism is defined as a form of prejudice based on perceived physical differences and usually refers to unfavorable or hostile attitudes toward people perceived to belong to another race, eugenics would definitely fall in this category because racism usually results in a belief in the superiority of one’s own race. The trigger of prejudice and racism is the â€Å"human tendency to form stereotypes, generalized beliefs that associate whole groups of people with particular traits†. Racial stereotypes are described to be â€Å"exaggerated or oversimplified† descriptions of any person’s â€Å"appearance, personality, and behavior† (Cavalli-Sforza, 2005). Actually, Galton and his cohorts were well intentioned and progressive in their idea of suggesting eugenics because they were just concerned with bettering humanity. After all, this was during the Progressive Era, where it was characterized as a time of hope and reform. Gerald Grob (1991) pointed out that eugenics advocates were persuaded that they were acting on behalf of a noble cause that would benefit humanity. They believed that medical and scientific knowledge, combined with a new technology, had reached a point in time in which the eradication of inherited defects was possible. With all that intention, eugenics was welcomed in the United States. As Rosen (2004) writes: Beginning in the early years of the twentieth century and spanning the decades of the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, eugenicists in the United States called for programs to control human reproduction. They urged legislatures to pass laws to segregate the so-called feebleminded into state colonies, where they would live out their lives in celibacy; they supported compulsory state sterilization laws aimed at men and women whose â€Å"germplasm† threatened the eugenic vitality of the nation; they led the drive to restrict immigration from countries whose citizens might pollute the American melting pot. Their science filtered into popular culture through eugenics advice books and child-rearing manuals, eugenics novels, plays, and films, and scores of magazine and newspaper articles (p.6). With the growing presence and perceived virility of African Americans, immigrants in the early 1900s, and the working class—as well as the increasing visibility of working-class â€Å"women adrift, this threatened white middle-class male authority in both power and numbers, proponents of eugenics in the United States targeted a factor in middle-class decline: the limited fecundity of this new woman. As Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed in the 1900s, white middle-class womanhood had willfully abandoned its fertility. The white birthrate was rapidly declining: whereas the average American family of 1840 had produced six children that of 1900 generated only three children. Roosevelt propelled sociologist Edward Ross’s term race suicide into the public arena. In a 1901 address, â€Å"The Causes of Race Superiority,† Ross warned that the advancement and progress of the â€Å"superior race† could lead to its demise; manhood had become overcivilized, decadent, and impotent. But Roosevelt, significantly, placed the blame on white womanhood. Women of â€Å"good stock† who chose not to have children, he declared, were â€Å"race criminals† (Paul 1995, p. 102). Yet, the shocking turnout the eugenics movement was that in 1902, when an Indiana physician named Dr. Harry Sharp urged passage of mandatory sterilization laws that would require all men in prisons, reformatories, and paupers’ houses to be sterilized. Before any such law was passed permitting it, he had involuntarily sterilized more than five hundred men. Following Dr. Sharp’s lead, in 1907 Indiana became the first state to pass a eugenics-based sterilization law. By 1912, eight states had sterilization laws. Eventually nearly thirty states followed suit (Paul 1995, p. 81-82). In the course of the rise and fall of eugenics, we can see that there are obvious problems with it. The first is that there is more at stake in creating a superior human than in creating a superior species of vegetable. Vegetables do not have rights but humans do, and these human rights are possessed by all persons because they are human; human rights do not cease to exist if an individual is â€Å"imperfect† in one or more ways. At its core, eugenics tends to cancel out the right of the less than perfect individual to existence and this type of presumptive arrogance is inherently immoral and racist. A second harmful outcome of eugenics could be that through screening programs privileged groups might act on their prejudices against, for example, Black people being linked with criminality. Since being Black is neither a crime nor a defect, it would be a grave injustice for advocates of eugenics to try to eliminate such classes of people from the human gene pool. Another possible harm of eugenics is that those who promote it do so at the expense of the harmony of the human community. This community, as we know it, is made up of people of all kinds, some more gifted than others, some more troubled than others. The solidarity and prosperity of the human community depend on cooperation and respect among all members, not on a screening policy, like eugenics, through which some members lose their right to membership based on the values and biases of those in influential positions. The biggest problem with eugenics is probably the fact that, even if the program were embraced and employed, it would be impossible to carry it out effectively without trampling on human rights. Thus, eugenics is a certified â€Å"junk science† and a good learning experience that science cannot be used to improve humans. References Agin, D. (2006). Junk Science: How Politicians, Corporations, and Other Hacksters Betray UsI, New York: St. Martin’s Press. Berson, M. J. , and Cruz, B. (2001). Eugenics Past and Present. Social Education 655, p.300. Grob, G. (1991). Introduction, in The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States, ed. Phillip R. Reilly, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Last, J. M. (2007). Eugenics. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Paul, D. B. (1995). Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present. Atlantic Highlands, N. J. : Humanities Press. Rosen, C. (2004). Preaching Eugenics Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Notes for Each Chapter in Tomorrow When the War Began Essay

a) SUMMARY Chapter four is about them in felt â€Å"Hell† a snake goes into Homers Sleeping bag, they try to get it out and they get scared and drop the sleeping bag the snake slither out and straight into the bush. There is a part about where a â€Å"V shaped† planes go over and they had the lights switched off on the plane so no-one could see them fly over, but they could smell the jet fuel. Right through the chapter they were in the place called â€Å"Hell†. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS In chapter four they are getting fat and restless, and they can’t be bothered to explore. Everything and everyone changes when the planes go over with no lights on. CHARACTERS DEVELOPMENT Homer feels some connection between Fi and him. Ellie is a deep sleeper and sleeps though heaps. b) Summary of Chapter Four: The chapter begins with the group of friends sitting around doing nothing in the morning. In the evening Homer sits down on to a sleeping bag and discovers that a snake was in his sleeping bag. They try to tip it out, but the drop the bag and it shoots out towards Corrie. Fi jumps in the water not knowing that snakes can swim. In the middle of the night Ellie wakes to black jets flying overhead. In the morning she finds that Robyn, Fi and Lee heard them, also. Robyn tells the others that dozens and dozens of them were flying overhead all night long. Lee jokes that Commemoration Day would be a perfect day to invade Australia. In the morning Homer reveals to Ellie that he likes Fi. Quotes: * â€Å"And like black bats screaming out of the sky, blotting out the stars, a v-shaped line of jets raced overhead, very low ahead. Their noise, their speed, their darkness frightened me.† –Ellie * â€Å"There was dozens and dozens all night long.† –Robyn * â€Å"It’s probably the start of world war three,† said Lee. â€Å"We’ve probably been invaded and we don’t even know it.† –Lee * â€Å"That’s when I first†¦when I realised†¦Well it’s the first time I really took notice of her. I always thought that she was a stuck up snob. But she’s not. She’s really nice.† –Homer * â€Å"No, Hell wasn’t anything to do with places, Hell was all to do with people. Maybe Hell was people.† –Ellie Significant Events: 1) Jets flying overhead in the middle of the night, 2) Homer admitting that he likes Fi. To Ellie he was always the kid that had no feelings. 3) Ellie realising that Hell wasn’t places it was people. —————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 5: Summary * They were very lazy, always putting off going to the top of the mountains to hike. * Corrie and Ellie were the most energetic; they took a few walks, to the bridge or to different cliffs. * Corrie and Ellie both want to travel when they are older. They want to travel to Indonesia, Thailand, China, India, Egypt and maybe Europe or Africa. * They were running out of food but they were too lazy to go back to the Land rover to get more food. * They had gone through 5 days without any serious arguments, but they had a few silly arguments. * Everyone decides that the want to come back to Hell, with the same people. They don’t want other people to know about it because they might ruin it. * The trip back up the cliffs was very tiring, hard and hot. The only thing that keeps them going is Fi saying stuff about have decent food and a hot shower. * Homer stays close to Fi, and helps her a lot. * There are 6 suspicious fires that are spread out. 2 of which are which are quite big. None of them are anywhere near them. (In Hell) * Some people went swimming in the creek.   * Lee and Ellie talk. Ellie learns a lot from Lee. Significant Events. The group spend their last days camping and they realise that they don’t want to leave. They want to stay longer and have more fun. They also want to come back to the same place with the same people. They don’t want others to know about their wonderful campsite. The group don’t like to hike back in the hot and humid weather. The climb is very dangerous and steep. They get very tired. There are 6 fires in the distance that nobody can figure out why they are there. Ellie and Lee feel uneasy and senses something is wrong, but they can’t figure out what. Character Development * ELLIE= Ellie talks to Corrie; they share a dream (travelling). Ellie leans that working in a restaurant is hard. (By talking to Lee). She feels uneasy and weird. She wants to get home to see her family to see if they are okay. * CORRIE= We learn that she wants to travel and become a nurse in a country that needs nurses urgently. She was homesick in Year 8 Camp. She works away quietly on people until she gets what she wants. She is very forgiving and doesn’t hold grudges. * ROBYN=She doesn’t want to go home. She thinks it’s the best place ever and she had a really really good time. Robyn tells Ellie she is bossy. * FIONA= Always disappears when they cook or do washing up. Looks forward to a hot shower and decent food. Has mixed feelings for Homer. Went swimming. * KEVIN= If he had chocolate he would go up to the Land rover to get food. He is still embarrassed about the snake incident. Fells a bit sensitive. * LEE= He likes being in Hell. He thinks it was fun. Feels uptight, has a feeling that something is wrong. * HOMER= Tries to get closer to Fi. Helps Fi a lot. Likes Fi. Keeps on trying to prank Corrie. Conflict * Arguments =Between Kevin and Fi= For Fi not being there when cooking or washing up. =Between Corrie and Homer= Homer pulling mean jokes/pranks on Corrie =Between Kevin and Ellie=Ellie always trying to ‘fix’ the fire. =Between everyone=which coloured cars are most consumptions * No more decent food. * Climbing/Making their way back to the land rover, very hard and tiring. * Ellie wanting to get a move on, but the rest of the group plays around. Quotes * â€Å"Corrie! You got homesick on the Year 8 camp, and that was only 4 days!’ Ellie says to Corrie. * â€Å"I don’t want to go back. This is the best place and this week has been the best’ Robyn says to the group. * â€Å"Yea, ok† Homer said, obviously thinking of spending another 5 days with Fi. * â€Å"I wish they’d get a move on, I’m keen to get home† Ellie says to Lee. * As we got a better view of the plains we were surprised to see 6 different fires in the distance scattered across the countryside. None of the fires were remotely close to out place. [Hell] * I was a heavy sleeper but the last few nights I couldn’t settle down. I felt some kind of strange anxiety. ———————————————————————————————— Chapter 6: Summary In chapter 6 the characters arrive back from hell to Ellie’s house and find most of the family’s animals dead and the house abandoned. The group then tried to come up with an explanation for the strange and scary circumstances, getting more worried after each failed suggestion. The gang then decided to drive in the land rover to Homer’s, where they find his house in the same state as Ellie’s. They then had to decide if it was in their best interests to use the RF radio, they let Ellie decide and she believes they shouldn’t use it. The group then chose to talk about what might have happened in their town while they were away, Homer then found some evidence of his mother’s that proved whatever happened to their families, took place at Commemoration Day. Important Quotes 1. â€Å"The dogs were dead†¦ their chains were stretched and their was blood around their necks, where their collars had held† 1. â€Å"In the house there was nothing wrong, and that was what was wrong. There was no sign of life at all† 1. â€Å"†¦. We’ve been invaded. I think there might be a war† Conflict In Chapter 6 there is one conflict between Robyn and Ellie when the group was trying to come up with a theory for their families’ disappearance. Ellie: â€Å"Of course it’s bad† I yelled at her â€Å"Do you think my dad would leave his dogs to die like that? Do you think Ill be having a good laugh about that tomorrow?† I was screaming and crying at the same time Robyn: Robyn started crying and yelling â€Å"I didn’t mean it like that way Ellie, you know I didn’t!† They then resolved the issue: Ellie: â€Å"I’m sorry Robyn† I said â€Å"I know you didn’t mean†¦.† Robyn: â€Å"Im sorry too† she said â€Å"It was a bad choice of words† Significant Events 1. Coming home to find the dogs dead and their families gone. 2. Finding no mess at the house but it being normal, showing no sign that the family was taken, but just disappeared. 3. Went to Homer’s and found it in the same state as Ellie’s, proving that something big has happened. 4. The group then assessed the situation and came up with the conclusion, that whatever happened to their families’ happened at Commemoration Day. —————————————————————————————– Chapter 7: Summary They all go to Kevin’s and find his pet corgi, Flip. Then they decide to take Flip with them. When the group are at Corrie’s, Ellie finds a message on the Mackenzie’s fax machine for Corrie. It’s from her father, the message was sent from the show secretary’s office saying, â€Å"People say it’s just army manoeuvres† and â€Å"go bush. Don’t come out till it’s safe†. They split up and Ellie, Kevin and Corrie are to check things out at the showground. After seeing Ellie’s primary school teacher at the show ground from a distance and seeing how guarded the place is they leave. Soon they realize soldiers are following them and they are shooting. Ellie decides to fight back with a homemade bomb from the petrol in the ride-on mower, rags and matches. The bomb explodes and does its job successfully and they run to meet the others on the hill a 3:35, five minutes late from their agreed time. Quotes – (Lee on making the decision to keep Flip) â€Å"We might have to make some ugly choices†. – (Homer on the subject of splitting up) â€Å"Five people free and two locked up is a better equation then no people free and seven locked up.† Significant events – Corrie getting a fax from her dad – Seeing the show ground – Ellie blowing up the lawn mower and the soldiers Character Development – Homer, being able to make the best decision for the group, which was splitting up. – Ellie, to make an explosion big enough to escape the soldiers in the short amount of time she had before they arrived. Conflict – At first when Homer suggests splitting up every one is against it and there is a bit of protest going on until he reasons with them. ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 8: Plot Summary The group has arrived at Corrie’s place before dawn. Ellie feels sick and in her mind she is singing as chorus of a song, in which she sings over and over again, because she was trying to forget the events that had happened earlier. They arrive halfway down Corrie’s driveway. Ellie stops at the porch to rest but Homer tells her to keep moving. Everyone felt at home except Lee and Robyn who were currently away. Ellie, Corrie and Kevin were telling the others about what they encountered such as the mower incident. Ellie feels that she is permanently damaged because she had probably killed three people. Homer told them that they should not feel bad since the soldiers had invaded their land unexpectedly. After they told their story, Homer and Fi told theirs. They went into town, and they said that there was a lot of damage done. There were soldiers everywhere, so they had to be extra careful. They went to Fi’s house, and Homer was attacked by her cat. After Homer and Fi’s story, the rest of the group were worried about Lee and Robyn, not knowing what has happened to them. By then Ellie is beginning to realize Homer’s leadership skills. Significant Events Telling each other what had happened, since they were split into groups. Ellie knowing that Homer has changed. Character Development Homer – starts to act like a leader, since he could not be trusted before. Quotes â€Å"It was hard for me to believe that I, plain old Ellie, nothing special about me, middle of the road in every way, had probably just killed three people.† â€Å"Homer was becoming more surprising with every passing hour. It was getting hard to remember that this fast-thinking guy, who’d just spent fifteen minutes getting us laughing and talking and feeling good again, wasn’t even trusted to hand out the books at school.† ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 9: Chapter Nine is quite an intense chapter. They are at Corrie’s house and collecting things, and getting ready to leave for ‘Hell’. ‘Suddenly we heard a distant disturbing noise’. A helicopter was observing the house and was waiting for the kids to move. They all went to go check on Kevin to see if he was okay,.. But he wasn’t okay. ‘They’re staring right at me’ He said. Everyone knew that if he moved they would all be on danger. Homer has grown to be such a great leader so far. ‘Don’t move, it’s the movement that’s the give away’. He was keeping everyone together. He kept everyone safe and made good decisions for the group not just for himself. As the helicopter left they had took their chances of packing what they needed while it was gone because there was a high chance that they could come back. They went to the shearers shed after they had got everything packed. The soldiers knew they saw someone in the house. ‘†¦ A black jet, fast and lethal, came low from the west.’ A rocket from the soldiers was flying towards the house. ‘One rocket hit the house, and one was all it took. The house came apart in slow motion.’ A second rocket came and slammed into the hillside right next to the house. Having the conflict with the soldiers has made them think more carefully about their actions and every move that they made. Homer, like I have already said†¦ has turned into a great leader. To me, this chapter was about how the teens needed to start thinking like soldiers, and start being soldiers. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 10: In this chapter, the group decide to bring Lee and Robyn back from Wirrawee. Ellie and Homer are chosen to be sent into Wirrawee, since Corrie was still in a shock after the enemies had blown up her house, while Kevin stayed in Hell to look after her. When they arrive at Robyn’s house, they find Robyn who tells them that Lee had been shot and what had happened to them during the time they were hiding. They find out that there were still some people out there that are still fighting and haven’t given up yet. Since Lee wasn’t able to walk, they decided to make some rash decisions to get Lee back to Hell and themselves unharmed. Significant Events * Deciding to get Lee and Robyn back from Wirrawee * Lee getting shot * Robyn and Lee finding Mr. Clement, the dentist * Robyn and Lee getting spotted in Wirrawee, that’s where Lee gets shot * Deciding how to get Lee out of the restaurant and safely back in Hell Character Development * Homer starts to think like a soldier. He starts to become more mature and think for the safety of the group and how they would get through this. He becomes a sort of leader and makes up most of the decisions that they make. This is a big change since, when Homer was at school; he had been a trouble-maker and had been wild and outrageous. * Ellie starts to fall for the ‘new’ Homer. * Robyn becomes braver and Ellie thought that Robyn deserved a medal on how she rescued Lee from the enemy soldiers. Robyn used to worry easily and had been quiet and serious at the start of the novel. Conflict Lee getting shot in Wirrawee was a big conflict in this chapter. Since wasn’t able to walk, they had to think up ideas that might get them and Lee back to Hell unharmed. They start to think up of plans like using quiet vehicles but then they decide to use a bulldozer and pick up Lee from the restaurant, since using a bulldozer would surprise the enemy. They also decide to do at four am in the morning because that was when humans were at their weakest. Important Quotes * â€Å"Homer had an ability to put himself into the minds of the soldiers, to think their thoughts and to see through their eyes.† * â€Å"We were in the middle of a desperate struggle to stay alive, but here I was, still thinking about boys and love.† * â€Å"‘He’s been shot’† – Robyn * â€Å"He said he thought there were a few dozen people like himself hiding out, but after they’d seen what had happened to people who, in his words, ‘tried to be heroes’, they were all keeping well out of sight† * â€Å"They were dodging towards the door of the news agency when shots started pouring down the street.† * â€Å"He was limping badly, staring at her but biting his lip, determined not to cry out.† * â€Å"‘You keep going like this, you’ll lose your reputation. Aren’t you meant to be just a wild and crazy guy?’† – Robyn * â€Å"‘That’s when humans are always at their weakest,’ I contributed. ‘We did that in Human Dev. Three to four am, that’s when most deaths occur in hospitals.’† – Ellie ——————————————————— ————————————————————— Chapter 11: In the start of chapter 11 it was all full on. Lee was injured and at his families restaurant waiting to be saved by Ellie and Robyn, in a truck they stole. Lee got wheelbarrowed into the shovel on the truck. Then they got chased by soliders Ellie ran straight over a jeep wiht three soliders in it, another jeep continued to chase them they got shot at the entire time while being followed, then Ellie stopped suddenly and the jeep went flying over them and flipped. They got away and met Homer and Robyn on Three Pigs Lane, where they switched vehicles and headed to Chris’s in order to change vehicles again incase they had been spotted.They pulled up at Chris’s and dumped there get away vehicle in the dam out back while they disgustd what to do next, something came out of the old piggery it was Chris he had been hiding in there from everyone his paretns had gone overseas and he didnt go to Commemoration Day. So they took Chris’s parents Merc and he went with them back to hell. CONFLICTS The main conflict in this chapter was between the soliders and the group they had been shot at chased and had a head on crash with. CHARACTERS THAT CHANGED Ellie changed she became a solider in attack she had to drive the truck and she even ran over a jeep of soliders. She was in attack. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 12: Significant events: Lee getting shot in the leg by soldiers, Ellie saw she had some feeling for lee. Went to hell as a hide out. Conflict: Ellie saw Chris asleep when he was meant to been on guard looking for soldiers as this started off an argument. Quotes: â€Å"I stopped. I didn’t have any plans to become the local slut† – â€Å"I’d blocked off all my emotions reactions because there hadn’t been the time or the opportunity for those luxuries. But it’s like they say, ‘emotion denied is emotion deferred’ – â€Å"Chris, who was sure that he’d been the cause of my having a nervous breakdown†. Setting: ‘’ I could see right across the paddock to the bush and on up into the mountains’’ pg 159 —————————————————————————— —————————————— Chapter 13: Corrie had her Father’s radio, everyday she would fiddle with it, but wouldn’t let anyone else touch it. One day Corrie reported to Ellie that the batteries were getting flat. It was then that Ellie found out that the radio could get excess to worldwide radio stations. Ellie asked Corrie if she had been only trying the local stations and Corrie said yes. They gained excess to the other worldwide stations and fell upon one that was reporting about what was going on in Australia. The whole group listened it the radio. That how America was warned that if she tried to help and intervene with the war going on, she would find herself in the longest, costliest and bloodiest war ever. The general claimed that the season for the invasion was to â€Å"Reducing balances. After the group heard that international outrage continued to mount and a lot of fighting in countries and a few scattered words, the radio died. Homer quickly suggested that everyone should write down what they heard, after they did, they chose what seemed like the main and important points. Homer was thinking long term and decided that they should get a few animals and cattle’s in Hell so that they could use the cattle as food. Next their plain was to observe how the military worked and what sort of pattern it was. So they decided to send 6 people down, all in groups of two. The pair would keep in contact with walkie talkies. Kevin and Corrie, Fiona and Homer, Chris and Robyn. They would all note down what they saw in the show ground and in 48 hours time, come back to hell. Conflict: In the middle of chapter 13 an argument develops between Kelvin and Robyn. They start arguing after Robyn says â€Å"and now they have taken the cookie and crumbled it a whole new way.† After this is said, Kelvin misunderstands Robyn and thinks that she is fine with the invasion, soon after that, and after Kelvin insulting her religion, Robyn starts to defend herself and with the whole group agreeing with her, Kelvin realises that he lost and back off. Plot Changes: Instead of sitting around, like in the previous chapter, this time they plan to go back to the show grounds and investigate what is going on. Character Development: Homer: Acts more mature Street smart More sensible More sense of responsibility Fiona: Starts to like Homer now Starts to want to sacrifice necessaries of loved ones and family Ellie: Is confused about whom she likes, Homer or Lee ——————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 14: Ellie, Homer and Fi went back up to Ellie’s house to collect some more supplies (food, clothing, toiletries, tools, bedding, a Bible, etc). Robyn and Ellie read the Bible. After Ellie, Homer and Fi got back from Wirawee they found Lee had started walking around. Lee and Ellie had some conflict as they talked about their relationship, but Ellie is still confused :P. Ellie goes for a walk by herself and finds the Hermit’s hut. ——————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 15: a) Everyone was annoyed by each other. (p191. There was a bit of strain between us now, which I hated and there was a general strain caused by everyone snapping at each other in the final few hours of daylight.) When Fi and Ellie slept together, Fi said to Ellie that she loved Homer, but he was too ‘Greek’. Fi wanted to get advice from Ellie, but Ellie didn’t want to Fi and Homer go well†¦ At night, Ellie reminded her family and smiled. Ellie thought that ‘Hell is a sad, brooding place but not evil.’ They woke up early and had simple food. They would stay very long in the Hell like 3 months, 6 months two years†¦ Lee said that he wanted to go Hermit’s Hut. In front of the Hermit’s Hut Ellie told Lee about her feeling. She was very stressful because of her feelings. (p202. But my feelings are that I’m confused.) Lee said that .. (p 202. No, I just think that for some things, for example liking someone, for example liking me, you are being too careful and calculating. You should just fo with the feelings.) Lee wanted to go inside the Hut. There were many things like reward from a King. There were photos and newspaper article about murderer. Also, Lee and Ellie read his story about the murder process(?). b) After their inspection of Hermit’s hut they kept working into the evening. Fi sleeps in Ellie’s tent while Corrie is away and before they fall into sleep, she talks to Ellie about her relationship with Homer and if she should try it with Lee. They get up early and Ellie notice that the longer they stay in hell, the more they get into natural rhythms their major job that morning is to get fire wood which they work hard on. Ellie shows Lee the hermit’s hut, they speck about their   relationship and Lee thinks that Ellie should give be with him. In the hut Lee finds a metal cash box with nothing but papers and photographs. underneath them was a small blue case, like a wallet, but made of stiffer material. Lee silently wrapped everything up and replaced it in the tin. There was too much to absorb, too much to think about. they left the hut in silence. ——————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 16: Chapter sixteen is all of Ellie’s thoughts. Lee and her are possibly boyfriend and girlfriend, also Homer and Fi. Lee and Ellie have visited the Hermits Hut and found important documents from the murder. The whole group have come up with more tactics to keep themselves from the soldiers and getting caught one of them is moving the land rover further away from Hell. The rest of the chapter is Ellies thoughts on Lee and Hell. Important Quotes â€Å"There were to other documents in the box† Lee and Ellie noticing the documents. â€Å"The last thing was a poem, a simple poem† Ellie been a detective. â€Å"He’s so down on himself† Fi complaining on Homer. â€Å"perhaps my lack of confidence, my tortuous habit of questioning and doubting everything I said or did, was a gift, a good gift, something that made life painful in the short run but in the long run might lead to†¦what? The mourning of life† Ellie’s thoughts on life. Significant Events  · Ellie and Lee finding the documents in Hermits Hut.  · Ellie and Fi having a good chat on what lies ahead of them.  · Thinking of other ways of them been unnoticed by soldiers. Character Developments  · Fi as become more confident and true to her and others that is because she has been around Homer a lot.  · Ellie has taken a part in been a leader along with Homer and Kevin.  · Lee has become a lot stronger now that is leg as stared to heal. Conflict Not much conflict in this chapter I think this is because they have all started working as a team and listen to what the others around them have to say. ——————————————————————————————————————————————– Chapter 17: Robyn, Kevin, Corrie and Chris returned from Wirrawee and after breakfast they tell the others their story. Robyn does most of the talking. She is their unofficial leader and she reports from the situation in Wirrawee. As they were telling the story everyone else was sitting with their partners, while Chris and Robyn were the only ones who weren’t together as a couple. Robyn, Kevin, Corrie and Chris haven’t seen any of their families but been told they were safe at the showground. The soldiers would have been on duty taking some prisoners and the showground back to their homes a habitable place again by cleaning out mould and dead food and pets and to pick up some valuables like jewellery. Robyn got told by Mr Keogh that the work parties would be going out to the country too, starting any day now to look after the stock and get the farms going again, he said they’re going to colonise the whole country with their own people and all the farms will be split up between them and we’ll just be allowed to do menial jobs like cleaning. Chris brought back packet of smokes, two bottles of port that he ‘souvenired’ seeing Chrsi smoke made Ellie reflect on what laws they had already broken (stealing, driving without a license, wilful damage, assault, manslaughter or murder etc). Ellie didn’t like the idea of Chris picking up grog (alcohol) and cigarettes. Robyn presents the idea to Ellie writing all these happenings down and Chris wants to know what the other four (Ellie, Lee, Fi and Homer) did in Hell while they were away. Homer says that they must grab some sleep and that they will have a council of war later that afternoon. Robyn is a quiet leader even in calmer times: ‘Robyn did most of the talking. She’d already been their unofficial leader when they left, and it was interesting to see how much she was running the show now.’ Kevin recommended that they could end up being the nations since they could be the only ones left free so they would be they government and everything. They would all choose their jobs or got given them. Kevin for Prime Minister, Chris: Police Commissioner, Homer was the Minister for Defence and Chief of the General Staff, Lee was the Pensioner of the Year because of his leg. Robyn wanted to be the Minister of Health but got Archbishop instead. Fi was Attorney General because of her parents and Ellie was named Poet Laureate. They plan to gather animals, such as ferrets and rabbits for food. There is conflict in this chapter when Kevin suggested that they have ferrets instead of chooks. Corrie disagrees and says, ‘ â€Å"Yuck! They’re disgusting! I hate them.† Kevin looked wounded at this disloyalty from the one person he could normally count on. â€Å"They’re not disgusting,† he said sounding hurt. â€Å"They’re clean and they’re intelligent and they’re very friendly.† â€Å"Yeah, so friendly they’ll run up your trouser leg.† ’ ———————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 18: In this chapter we get to know more about Ellie’s and Lee’s and Homer’s love relationship. We find out who Ellie likes more Lee or Homer. We also learn on how far Ellie and Lee would go with their relationship physically. We hear more about Chris and him smoking. We also find out that Sally and Kevin have been together for a whole year and that Ellie is pretty sure that they have lost their virginity to each other. In this Chapter we hear Ellie saying â€Å"I know this might sound a bit different from what I said before, but I don’t think it is. I can understand why these people have invaded but I don’t like what they’re doing and I don’t think there’s anything very moral about them†. Ellis feels that this war has been forced on them and she hasn’t got the guts to be a conscientious objector. She just hopes that they can all avoid doing too much that’s filthy and foul and rotten. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 19: ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 20: QUOTES: â€Å"There was a pause then the answer. ‘Yeah I love you too Fi.’ For Homer to say that to anyone was pretty good; for him to say it with Lee and me listening was amazing.† â€Å"I always admired so much about Fi, but now it was her courage I was admiring, instead of her grace and beauty.† â€Å"†We’ve been held up for a bit.’ Fi said. ‘Ellie wanted to climb a tree.’ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT: In this chapter, there is some character development with Homer. He is no longer afraid to say he loves Fi in front of anyone, where in this quote shows this: â€Å"There was a pause then the answer. ‘Yeah I love you too Fi.’ For Homer to say that to anyone was pretty good; for him to say it with Lee and me listening was amazing.† Fi develops some amount of bravery as she steps up more. She gets much more courage as she takes on some of their tasks. SUMMARY: Ellie and Fi are paired together to go and sort things out/set things up for when they blow up the tank. After getting everything in the correct places, and getting the bikes there so they have time to get away after the tank gets blown up they go to wait. As they got out of their truck after getting all this done, some Patrols came past. They ran over someone’s fence and into their garden and climbed up a gum tree. Ellie soon realized that the truck, filled with things needed for their task to go as planned. If the soldiers were to see this they would automatically realize, and their plan would be ruined. Or If they were spotted in the tree, they would be captured and who knows what would happen. Luckily somehow they did not realize either of the two and they walked off. And they went to prepare everything to blow up the tank, now all they had to do was wait. SIGNIFICANT EVENT: The most significant even of this chapter would be when Ellie and Fi spotted some patrols coming so they went and hid up in a tree. whilst the soldiers were very close to their truck. If the soldiers noticed the truck, their whole plan would be ruined. Also, if they were spotted in that tree, they would have been captured or killed which would cause everything to not work. ———————————————————————————————————————————————- Chapter 21: ———————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 22: Character development Homer learnt not to put to much trust in machines.   Ellie sees another side or Homer, his sweet side; â€Å"The only thing homer left out was the way he had wept when he found out we were safe. I saw the sweetness of Homer then† Corrie got shot, Kevin shows us his loyal side; â€Å"Corrie’s my mate and I’m not gonna dump her and run†. We can see Ellie is accepting more and more that she is in a war, therefore accepting that some of the things she does might have the consequence of someone dying; If I knowingly did things like blowing up bridges, then the fact that by sheer good luck no one was hurt didn’t let me off the hook. Once I’d made my decision to go with the tanker i had been ready to live with the consequences, whatever they were. Significant Events Ellie and Fi meet Homer and Lee up in a gully behind Fleets place and told there versions of the bridge blowing up. Went to sleep   Ellie, Homer, Fi and Lee woke up at night, left to Ellie’s house on the bikes at 10pm Walked into Ellie’s garage to see Corrie lying still on a table with Chris, Kevin and Robyn crowding around her. Kevin told Ellie that Corrie had been shot. Kevin drove Corrie to the Hospital, leaving Lee, Ellie, Robyn, Homer, Fi and Chris to go back into Hell. Important Quotes ‘You would be glad to know’ he said turning to me ‘that I don’t think any of them were hurt’ It meant a lot to me; but not everything We felt the worst was over and we had done our job and now we deserved a rest. You’re sort of bought up to believe that that’s the way life should

The law of the defences to actions for tortiously inflicted death and Essay

The law of the defences to actions for tortiously inflicted death and serious injury lacks any conceptual coherence. It would be - Essay Example However, legislation in respect of this has reduced the scope of such defences. A general analysis of the defences would be made and their effect in respect of what is required would be considered. Prior to the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945, contributory negligence of the Plaintiff would constitute to be a complete defence in respect of claims of negligence. The Act allows courts to allocate responsibility in respect of damage and attribute it accordingly between the defendant and claimant and then to apportion the claimant’s damages, thus making it a partial defence. Contributory Negligence is a defence which makes available a partial defence in respect of a claim in tort. The aspect of this defence is primarily concerned with the fact that the claimant was careless and this was a material cause in respect of the loss that he suffered. The defence therefore operates as a partial exclusion as to liability. The Act has simplified the law in respect of the defenc e. ... respect of the modern defence, that is, causation; concept of claimant’s fault; what is the position in respect of special elements in relation to certain claimants and how what they be accounted for; how the loss would be apportioned; and how the defence is to apply in respect of torts apart from negligence. The problem in respect of causation is the fact that the apportionment has to be made in accordance with the causation and takes into account the plaintiff’s carelessness as can be seen in McLew v. Holland and Hannen and Cubitts (Scotland) Ltd.1 whereby it was held that the plaintiff’s act was novus actus interveniens and therefore the chain of causation was broken. The last opportunity rule, even though, been discredited, was used in this case. However, the courts in Reeves v. Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis2 found that even though the deceased committed suicide, the causal link had not been broken. As far as the claimant’s fault is concern ed, there is no requirement of a duty of care being owed and the Act merely requires an act or omission and therefore torts, other than of negligence are also covered. After an evaluation of the contributory negligence that court would decrease the damages of the claimant ‘to such an extent as [it] thinks just and equitable having regard to [his] share in the responsibility for the damage’ (Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945, s.1. The evaluation in respect of the deduction is therefore left at the discretion of the judges and an evaluation in this respect was made by Lord Denning in Davies v. Swan Motor Co.34 Damage in respect of Contributory Negligence include but is not limited to loss of life and personal injury. Thus it can apply to cases of pure economic loss as well. There have been

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 60

Essay Example Under the function of talent acquisition, engagement, and retention it was noted that Candlelight handles this function well expect that its incentive plan is not very realistic, which could hamper future retention levels. The evaluation also assessed talent leadership management in Candlelight Company and it was noted that in this regard the company does not give a lot of emphasis to this function since the aggregate score was an average rating. Secondly, the task of decreasing turnover also received an aggregate rating of average, and this perhaps explains why employee morale, training, and development also received less focus, since they also had an aggregate rating of an average. This is to say that by handling issues of employee morale, training, and development in an ‘average’ manner then it means that retention or decreasing of employee turnover is not greatly emphasized on by Candlelight Company (Berger and Berger, 58). This confirms that Candlelight’s strategic talent management needs a re-evaluation. Leadership is an integral function within any organisation and it determines the level of success of any business organisation. Equally, talent management is also under the leadership of certain managers within an organisation and in most cases this leadership is usually a specialty of the human resource manager, however, in other organisations the leadership of talent management is a shared task among various managers (Berger and Berger, 112). From the evaluation carried out on Candlelight it was evident that the leadership of talent management within the organisation received an aggregate score of ‘average’ and this explains why the other functions also received an aggregate score of average. Therefore, it is recommended that Candlelight should train its leaders on talent management practices to ensure that they fully optimize on talent management functions and thereby ensure that the organisation gets

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1875) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1875) - Term Paper Example This case was and has still remained to be one of the most significant cases that were ever heard in the US Supreme Court: hence, my reason for choosing it. Specifically, this case through its outcome that was controversial led to the civil war outbreak between the northern and southern American states (Konig, Finkelman & Bracey, 2010). The main subject matter in this case is noisy historical and constitutional debates that led to the outbreak of American Civil War and which also propelled Abraham Lincoln to White House as the President of America. His outright opposition of the ruling of the Supreme Court, which galvanized the abolition movement, spurred the resurgence of his political career. Additionally, this case outline the concept of citizenship as being essential in attaining certain matters such suing in a court of law (Greenberg, 2010). For instance, among the reasons why Scott’s case was dropped in the Missouri courts was that him and other slaves were not US citize ns, and as such, could not file petitions in court or sue in any form. In reality, the court acknowledged that slaves could be moved from one state to another without any objection from them. In choosing this case, I have also incorporated another key aspect or question used to define the case, which was whether an African American such as Dred Scott could be part of a political community/movement created by the US citizens in terms of membership (Herda, 2011). While Dred Scott did not out rightly win his freedom through the American court systems, the valiant fight he put up, with the help of his family, friends and lawyers led to the emergence of the Civil War that eventually brought an end to slavery. I find this aspect quite essential and which one can learn from with regards to defining the history of the civil war. Summary of Sources The following articles obtained from the State Historical Society of Missouri have been used in support of this case analysis. 1. Ehrlich, Walter . â€Å"Was the Dred Scott Case Valid?† v. 63, no. 3 (April 1969), pp. 317-328. In this article, the author seeks to redefine the concepts of the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford by unwrapping one of the most dodgy questions have had in their minds: was the case valid? In this article, Ehrlich seeks to determine the case’s genuineness by noting that in delivering the ruling, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney might have taken sides so as to bring a ruling against or for slavery. However, he notes that this was immediately contended with some people disagreeing and regarding the ruling as fictitious. Since these allegations could not be overruled, Ehrlich in this article seeks to verify the same on whether there were any political inspirations behind the oppositions (Ehrlich, 1969). 2. Dred Scott v. Sandford" Great Events from History: North American Series Ed. Frank Northen Magill and John L. Loos. Salem Press, Inc. 1997 eNotes.com 6 Nov, 2013 http://www.enotes.com/topics/dred -scott-v-sandford/reference#reference-dred-scott-v-sandford-483926 In this article, the theme concept is to outline the ruling by the Supreme Court in application that the Congress cannot limit slavery into the territories originally recognized for the same. This article brings into limelight the political repercussions that originated from the initial Supreme Court ruling. By not limiting slavery territories, the Supreme Court

Organizational Behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Behavior - Case Study Example Secondly Turner found that the activities of the concern lacked due organizing elements which made the organization suffer from financial and strategic crisis. Thirdly the President felt reluctant to enhance the communication activities amongst the people working in the management groups thereby restricting teamwork and sharing of resources. Fourthly owing to lack of proper communication the President failed to learn the right potential of his managerial team which thereby rendered in reducing motivation and productivity. Fifthly, Cardullo reflected a sense of adamant and destructive attitude in his dealings with subordinate team members. In addition to being rough with people, Cardullo declined to understand the potential of the advices and suggestions rend from the subordinates thus reflecting a total disregard to such. Sixthly, Cardullo owing to his shortsightedness declined to understand the advantages that the firm would receive in incorporating the new strategies produced by Tu rner but continued focusing only on the outcomes-dropping margins and financial health. Thus the President of Modern Lighting Incorporation reflected a continuing sense of being reluctant to the problems and issues faced in by the people both at the managerial and subordinate level. The President hooked on to his own ideas only and disregarded any form of communication in regards to formulating strategic decisions in regards to gaining on in margins and markets. Ineffective organization and decision making activities coupled with lack of communication and teamwork worked to enhance the failure of the corporation in regards to falling margins. Behaviors and Activities of Individuals Illustrating an Impact on the Issues An effective leader requires effective communication with the people employed in the different levels of the concern pertaining to managerial and subordinating ranks to gain potential feedbacks and suggestions. Such level of interaction would help the manager gain pote ntial information to formulate strategic decisions (Singla, 2010, p.453-454). In regards to the case Pat Cardullo is found to avoid having any form of potential communication with managerial members like Jamie Turner and other subordinate members like Tim Kelly and Ernie Dennis. Lack of proper communication thereby tends to create a rift between the people employed in different levels thereby jeopardizing productivity and motivation. Further Pat Cardullo focused on independent working rather than working based on rationalistic argumentation between people working in parallel positions or between managers and subordinates. Working based on rationalistic arguments tends to increase productivity rather than working in an independent fashion (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2008, p.359). Again Pat Cardullo is found to work on setting a managerial objective of gaining on in margins without rendering possible insights to his team about the process in accomplishing such. He is also observed to be in flexible to the ideas rendered in by subordinates and managerial team to gain on margins and dependable on short run objectives (Koontz and Weihrich, 2006, p.93). Finally Pat Cardullo is observed to promote groupism in the company through using Julie Chin in gaining information about activities of Janie Turner. The extent of groupism tends to create distortion in organizational relationships

Symbols in Van Eyck's Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Essay

Symbols in Van Eyck's Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife - Essay Example The placement of the subjects also reveals the rigid gender expectations of the fifteenth century. Whereas Arnolfini is standing next to the window, representing his role as the ambassador for the family, his wife is next to the bed. This symbol works on two levels: it reminds the viewer that she is restricted to home life, and also makes an implicit sexual suggestion – a suggestion which is made explicit when we consider her come hither eyes, and the fact that her appearance resembles that of a pregnant woman. The two pairs of cast-aside shoes in the centre background and left foreground of the picture further this idea of a sexual union. Removed shoes were symbolic of sex in Dutch art. The open, red curtains of the marital bed and the cherries on the tree just visible through the window are equally as suggestive, inducing the viewer to see this portrait as the fervent desire of the couple to procreate. However, it is believed that this portrait could have been commissioned by a man grieving his first wife. This is represented by the chandelier: above the mans head a candle is burning, but the candle above the woman has burnt out. Similarly, in the frame of the mirror, on the left hand side, closer to the man, there are images of Christs life, whereas the ones on the right portray Christs death. This could also explain the disparity between the season (early summer, according to the presence of the tree) and the subjects winter clothing, if the wife had died in the winter

Law of Corporations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law of Corporations - Case Study Example In the changing conditions for forming a new company and listing the company in stock exchange for trading its share it has become statutory to show the track record of the trading. To fulfill such conditions promoters are required enter into contracts on behalf of the company. "A promoter stands in a fiduciary relationship towards his company. A contract made between him and the company is voidable at the company's option unless he has disclosed all material facts relating to the contract to an independent board, and the company has freely agreed to the terms." [L.S.Sealy, Cases and Materials in Company Law, 2001 (p.35)] Promoters hold fiduciary relationship towards the company that they form. This fiduciary relationship is the development equity law. Equity law imposes on persons holding in fiduciary relationship a duty of care to protect the interest of such company, and its stakeholders such as shareholders. The law imposes a duty on them to disclose all the material facts of contracts they make to an independent board, and the company accords free acknowledgment of the terms of contract, else such contract is voidable at the option of the company. In such condition promoters are liable for breach of such contract but not the company. Duties of promoters is elaborately described by the court in Erlanger V New Sombreno Phosphate Co2 case. Erlanger V New Sombreno Phosphate Co2: In this case a syndicate led by Erlanger, a banker formed a company. The syndicate acquired an island for producing phosphate for a lease of 55,000 for the company, which they intended to form, prior to incorporation the new company. The promoters nominated three directors of the newly formed company among them one director was independent of the syndicate and remaining two directors are mere puppets of Erlanger. The promoters have sold the lease of the island for 110,000 at double the price they have acquired. The board of directors ratified the transaction without making any enquiry into the transaction and this transaction was undisclosed. Public have subscribed for shares. Later the phosphate shipment failed. The shareholders have removed the directors nominated by the promoters and new directors were appointed. The new board of directors has brought the proceeding before the court. The Court has laid down what position the promoters to be placed and what duties they owe to with reference to the company, which they proposed to form. The court said (a) The promoters stand in a fiduciary position, (b) the creation and moulding of the company is in their hands, (c) they are vested with powers of defining (i) how the company starts its existence (ii) when it starts (iii) in what shape it starts (iv) under what supervision it shall start and act as trading corporation. (d) Promoters shall take care while forming the company that they provide board of directors who (i) are aware of the fact that the property, which the company is asked to purchase is of the

Cochlear implants are a promising intervention for children who have Essay

Cochlear implants are a promising intervention for children who have hearing impairments. However, a fractious debate prevails c - Essay Example They believe that clinical trials have gray areas, which should be addressed before the implants are used on children. The varying viewpoints create a tug-of-war. Cochlear implants change the life of the deaf people in the mainstream society, but its gray areas in scientific research and clinical trials raise skepticism and arouse feelings the implants can destroy the deaf culture. The Cochlear Implant Debate Cochlear implants are the best solution for deafness in the current times. They are small electrical devices which in the inner ear. Cochlear implants stimulate the auditory nerves in the inner ear sending signals directly to the brain. According to James and colleagues (2005) and Papsin and Gordon (2007), cochlear implants can help children develop good language skills. They believe that implants at a young age stimulate the cochlear subsequently regaining its functions partially. In fact, cochlear implants preserve function of some ear cells. Gantz and colleagues point out ear preservation improves from 10% to 30% after cochlear implants. The deaf can live a normal life with cochlear implants. They can watch television, make calls and interact with other people freely. The self-esteem of the deaf improves remarkably allowing them to perform better in their school work and jobs. This has changed the lives of many people. Some who have made it to the university point out, they would not have made it that far without the implants (Blume, 2009). A study in an Australian school confirms children with cochlear implants improved in their school exams. They also interacted well with the other children improving their emotional and psychological wellbeing. Punch and Hyde (2011) also found out there was general acceptance of the children who got cochlear implants by other children. People who have experienced what it is to be deaf in a mainstream society appreciate Cochlear implants. Wilson and Dorman (2008) point out the deaf have major challenges communicating t o other people. They use the sign language which few people understand the meaning creating large communication barriers. Although cochlear implants improve the lives of many people, some deaf people detest them. The major school of though here is cochlear implant surgery pose major health risks. According to them, the surgery is done around sensitive body organs. Balkany and Gantz confirm cochlear implant surgery is done around major nerves, including those responsible for facial movements. Doctors performing the surgery may tough the nerves inappropriately by accident compromising their function. The face of the person would be inclined towards the side the surgery was done. In addition, the remaining good cells in the ears could be damaged leading to worse deafness or diseases (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2013). Researchers and surgeons agree cochlear implants surgery risks infectious diseases like pneumococcal meningitis. Risks are high if the patient is not immunized agai nst the pneumococcal bacteria. Children are at higher risks of getting the condition compared to adults. Surgeons are cautioned to know the history of the patient well before starting the surgery. However, surgery cannot be delayed because a patient is not immunized against the pneumococcal bacteria (Medical and Healthcare Products regulatory Agency, 2013). It is worth noting cochlear implant beneficiaries have to live a cautious life. The implants are made of metals, which can set off alarm systems, metal

The Theory of Market Mechanism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Theory of Market Mechanism - Case Study Example Due to a fall in the rental, the supply of flats also declines, however, the quantity demanded of flats increases. This follows from the law of demand and supply. As a result, there is a gap between demand and supply or in other words, there arises a shortage in the market for dwelling spaces. This shortage is not a natural outcome but created by the suppliers or the landlords which result in an excess demand situation. This shortage generates scope for black marketing of flats at a higher rental. From the land lord's point of view, the creation of shortage is quite justifiable because the cost of maintenance and electricity has remained the same. In the process of black marketing, the flats are rented out at market clearing rental or even more. Since dwelling place is a necessary item for any consumer, the tenants are ready to pay the excess amount above the ceiling price. Thus there is discrimination because some are getting the flats at the Government determined rental whereas some have to pay out a huge amount. Thus there is a reverse effect of what the Government intended. Here the concept of economic rent also comes into play. Because of the price ceiling, a number of landlords are not willing to rent out their space, they are restricted from entering the market in fear of loss. Now suppose the Government decides to remove the ceiling and the rental price is determined by market mechanism, there will be huge opposition from both landlords and tenants because those who we re getting the flats at lower rent will oppose and again the landlords who were operating in the black market will passively support the tenants who were opposing. This is because the landlords are better off in a black market where they extract huge profit. The lobbying cost, lawyer fees, public relation costs are substantial.

Novel by Haruki Murakami Essay Example for Free

Novel by Haruki Murakami Essay The short story â€Å"On Seeing the 100% Perfect Girl One Beautiful April Morning† by Haruki Murakami connects with the reader through the idea that you can encounter true love by chance. Unfortunately, that chance can get away from you without any real action from yourself. The story is set in Tokyo in 1981 on what is described as a beautiful April morning. It sounds like a regular day, what made it beautiful for the main character was that he saw the girl that was 100% perfect girl for him. The methods of fiction help us better understand and connect to stories. The narration is done in the first and third person points of view. The first person point of view inserts the reader into the situation, making the story very personal. The third person narrative gives a different, larger perspective on the story and gives us more of an insight into the concept of chance. From a characterization stand point the main character is portrayed as a regular person and really only encounters a regular girl but in his eyes, she is really more like a girl from another world. There is one other person in the story but only provides a little bit of dialogue and is not developed at all. The third person narrative develops the two different main characters in ways first person does not. The overall tone of the story is somber. The idea of once having your true love so close then letting â€Å"fate† run its course only to never feel the same way again is depressing As a whole, this story connects the reader to an event that many have probably encountered in their life; seeing the perfect person, just for a second but not taking action. We go on with our lives and think nothing of it but this story delves a bit deeper into a possible scenario connecting the two people. In the end however, the characters still lose each other.

Power and Inequality in a Cultural and Linguistic Anthropolistic View Essay Example for Free

Power and Inequality in a Cultural and Linguistic Anthropolistic View Essay Centuries have passed and the different relationships of power and inequality are still present. Power and inequality have always been an issue and a topic of discussion among many different people in different cultures. Although much has changed throughout history, the struggle between power and inequality is still inevitable. There are many different types of power and inequalities ranging from gender to race and culture. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by submerging into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society. Power and inequality still play a role in modern human cultures as seen by different struggles of cultures as well as the differentiation of linguistics. Cultural anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality in modern human populations as they immerse themselves into understanding the different circumstances of different cultures of today and of the past as well. Throughout the years, there has been a struggle of power and inequality between many, including gender and race. Gender has been an issue in many different cultures, and continues to be a struggle even today. In the past, gender issues have resulted in many problems. For example, after China passed the one child law, many parents wanted to have sons rather than daughters because of the thought that sons were more worthy. This however, has resulted in an imbalance of the male and female ratio as it has reached 144:100, in the rural areas of China (Peters-Golden, 2012). In modern society, it is evident that in most cultures, the male is still the dominant gender. In some cultures, including some in the Middle East, women are looked down upon, mistreated and are not treated as equals. Even in the modern Western culture, there is still evidence that the women are at a disadvantage compared to the men (Feminist Economics, 2003). Along with gender, race has also been a reoccurring issue of as well. Previously, the Western worlds perceived themselves as having more power and were more superior to any other culture. Culture today, according to cultural anthropologists, is learned and is subject to modification meaning that the modern population can adapt to new races and cultures as well as their own. Different societies should be subject to his or her own culture rather than perceiving that one race or culture as superior to any other. Cultural anthropologists believe that â€Å"how people have been accepted and treated of a given society of culture has a direct impact on how they perform in that society† (American Anthropology Association, 1998). Thus concluding that not everybody can see themselves as superior, as it affects the society as a whole as well. The United States is an example of many different cultural prejudices, and its affects are apparent in their everyday lives including the media. Cultural anthropologists have been studying different cultures of the world, and many of them have different opinions of power and inequality as can be seen by the ways the cultures interact. In the modern world, there are many pieces of evidence that power and inequality are still present and is still an issue in modern human populations. Power and inequality have much to do with cultural studies, but can also be interpreted in a linguistic anthropological view as well. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social society in cultures. Although not necessarily seen as inequality, many different languages have different words categorising between gender, age, and status among others. Linguistics is also an important part of cultural anthropology as well. In many different languages, the use of words reflects the cultures status on both power and inequality (University of Washington, 2004). For example, in many languages, including French, Spanish, and Persian, noun classification is sorted by gender. In Thai, there are around 13 ways to say the pronoun â€Å"I† each one used in different circumstances, depending on who and what is being said. In both cases, the use of language is separated by power and could be thought of as a social inequality because different people are referred to by their gender or social status. As well as words that play a role in cultures, the different languages does as well. According to Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall (1995), linguistic anthropologists, they say that power is linked with markedness. Markedness is a process where â€Å"some social categories gain a special, default status that contrasts with the identities of other groups, which are usually highly recognisable† and is evident in some countries (Bucholtz Hall, 1995, p. 372). An example of this is in Zambia, a country that speaks a total of 73 languages, however, only around 7 are considered the ‘dominant’ language as they are positioned above the others, while English is the official language that is unmarked, and considered to be the most important (Spitulnik, 1998). Linguistic anthropology is an important part when studying the different power and inequalities of cultures. Linguistics can show how cultures can interact by languages and determine who is ‘dominant’ or can differentiate people by status or gender. In modern human populations, the existence of power and inequality is still present. Anthropologists, both linguistic and cultural, investigate the presence in struggle of balancing power and inequality. Different times represent different mindsets, however, both power and inequality have been present for basically all of human existence. Prejudice is inevitable in both the past and current human population, ranging from race, gender, different individuals, and cultures, among others. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by submerging into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society. Studying the language of other cultures by linguistic anthropologists can also determine many aspects of power and inequality in not only the different cultures of today, but also of the past as well.

Gun Control: Arguments For and Against

Gun Control: Arguments For and Against Introduction There is a variety of acquiring a weapon within a state. Several claims allow anyone who lawfully owns a firearm to transport it openly, in public areas, without necessitating a permit or permit. A number of states likewise have no permit need to transport a concealed firearm. Concealed carry takes a permit generally in most states, however the most those states offer the permits automatically to any legal firearm owners who would like them. Areas also range in their guidelines on gun ownership in specific adjustments, like campuses and properties of worship. There is absolutely no consensus. Actually, police have the same varieties of social and local divides as everybody else. Generally, big-city police force chiefs will support firearm control, and small-town chiefs and sheriffs will oppose it. Those in the Northeast are much more likely than those in the South and Western world to favor it. Description Having the ability to replace ammunition videos quickly also increases the fatality tolls in mass shootings. Present state legislation requires semi-automatic rifles be prepared with a set magazine that will require a tool because of its removal. That little ingenuity satisfies regulations but thwarts the purpose of the locked-clip need. While state legislations takes a firearms seller to file an archive of sales with their state when a weapon changes hands, no such need is present for ammunition which, in simple fact, can be sold to just about anybody. (People barred from running a weapon are also barred from buying bullets, but thats hard to enforce because no record check is conducted). A preexisting regulation that was to have settled this matter for handgun ammunition is at risk of their state Supreme Court docket after a lesser judge ruled its meaning of ammunition was too obscure. In the meantime, Senate Pro-Tem Kevin de Leon has suggested amending regulations to clarify this is, but an examination by the Senate Community Basic safety Committee found the changes wouldnt solve the issues found by the judge. [1] The Argument Every time there are a shooting in the news headlines, right-wing pundits and politicians pull out their talking factors to make clear why the latest firearm tragedy doesnt indicate the U.S. should shrink access to lethal firearms. Guns dont kill people. People kill people This is an excellent argument for many who cant inform the difference between one fatality and twelve. Absolutely, a murderer could kill one individual or two with a blade before being discontinued. But to essentially rack up those mind-blowing fatality counts to make certain that lots of lives are ruined and young families ruined in the area of five or ten minutes you desire a gun. If whatever you value is apportioning blame and declaring that someone will or doesnt have murderous intention, then you should, claim a blade and a weapon are equivalent weaponry. For those individuals who tend to be worried about stopping unnecessary fatalities than simply acknowledging the hate that resides in a few peoples hearts, however, the absolute amount of harm a firearm can do is reason to limit who is able to get their practical one. The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun If you like pithy sayings to hard research, I can understand why this might be convincing. But if you go through the real world, viewers definitely not being our only anticipation, good individuals with weapons are scarcely any help in any way. No mass shootings before 30 years have been discontinued by an equipped civilian; in 1982, an equipped civilian successfully wiped out a shooter, but it was only after he determined his crime. It isnt that there arent enough weapons, either. You will discover as many weapons as people in this country, and completely a third of men and women are armed. Even though shootings happen in gun-happy places, where equipped people will definitely be nearby, this vigilante situation simply fails. But, mental health Opponents of weapon control love mentioning the condition of insufficient mental healthcare after a filming. This is firmly for deflection purposes, as there is absolutely no sign that Republicans will ever before work on significant reform for our mental health systems which, its true are woefully insufficient. Its a concern that only issues to them in the immediate aftermath of your taking then its neglected, until theres another taking pictures. [2] Wrong Arguments The Country wide Rifle Association and its own allies have their post-shooting workout down frigid. They wait around a day or two and then act in response with a blistering selection of disorders against gun-safety advocates getting in touch with for reform. No real matter what the circumstances a couple at a Xmas get together, a deranged teen at a cinema, or a sniper concentrating on cops at a peaceful demo they make the same tips, which, unsurprisingly, often seem detached from the realities. A good guy with a gun would have stopped it Most armed individuals fare more serious than their law enforcement counterparts. The clear style that emerges from weapon incidents is the fact that shooters have an individual link with their concentrate on locations some grudge against them, no subject how misguided. So when shooters choose a location at random, there is absolutely no substantive research that they gravitate specifically to gun-free areas. Even the most heart-wrenching works of gun assault are actually so typical and daily habit that writing a well-timed article about the topic has become extremely difficult. One mass filming replaces another, permitting short amount of time for meaningful representation or catharsis. While information regarding the tragedy in Dallas remain emerging, some fact is painfully clear: The shooter was apparently equipped with high-powered weaponry, was evidently undeterred by good men with guns and even specifically targeted those good individuals. Just as before, our countrys lax firearm regulations helped a thief unleash horrific carnage. [3] There is absolutely no uncertainty that the life of some 260 million weapons (which perhaps 60 million are handguns) escalates the death count in this country. We dont have driven-by poisonings or drive-by knifings, but we do have driven-by shootings. Quick access to weapons makes deadly assault more prevalent in drug offers, gang battles and street area brawls. However, there is absolutely no way to extinguish this way to obtain guns. It might be constitutionally suspect and politically impossible to confiscate vast sums of weapons. You are able to declare a location gun-free, as Virginia Technology got done, and weapons its still helped bring there. If you want to suppose by how much the U.S. murder rate would fall season if civilians got no guns, we have to start by recognizing that the non-gun homicide rate in this country is 3 x greater than the non-gun homicide rate in Britain. For historical and ethnic reasons, People in America are a far more violent people than the British, even when they cannot use a firearm. This fact models a floor below that your murder rate will not be reduced even if, by some constitutional or politics magic, we became gun-free. You can find federally required criminal background checks on purchasing weaponry; many claims (including Virginia) limit weapon purchases to 1 per month, and juveniles may well not buy them by any means. But even if there have been even tougher limitations, access to weapons would remain not too difficult. Not minimal because, as holds true today, many would be taken as well as others would be obtained through straw acquisitions created by a ready confederate. It really is practically impossible to utilize new history check or waiting-period regulations to avoid dangerous individuals from getting guns. The ones that they cannot buy, theyll steal or acquire. Its also important to note that weapons play an important role in self-defense. Estimations differ concerning how common this is, however the numbers arent trivial. Somewhere within 100,000 plus more than 2 million instances of self-defense occur each year. There are various compelling cases. In a single Mississippi senior high school, an equipped administrator apprehended an institution shooter. In the Pennsylvania senior high school, an armed product owner prevented further fatalities. Would an equipped teacher have averted a few of the fatalities at Virginia Technical? We cannot know, but it isnt unlikely. For the Western disdain for our legal culture, a lot of those countries shouldnt spend a lot of time congratulating themselves. In 2000, the pace at which individuals were robbed or assaulted was higher in Britain, Scotland, Finland, Poland, Denmark and Sweden than it was in America. The assault rate in Great Britain was double that in America. In the 10 years since England restricted all private ownership of handguns, the BBC reported that the amount of gun crimes has truly gone up sharply. A number of the worst types of mass gun assault have also took place in Europe. Lately, 17 students and professors were killed with a shooter in a single event at a German open public college; 14 legislators were taken to fatality in Switzerland, and eight city council users were taken to loss of life near Paris. The primary lesson which should emerge from the Virginia Technology killings is that people need to work harder to recognize and handle dangerously unpredictable personalities. It really is problems for Europeans as well as People in America, one that there are no easy alternatives such as transferring more firearm control laws and regulations. [4] Gun control wont protect us There are several facts and reports people use to claim both attributes of the weapon control issue. We are able to use other countries as illustrations and we may use criminal offenses rates of metropolitan areas, expresses and countries. No matter how carefully researched the figures are, individuals have an emotional a reaction to this problem that more often than not overrides the reports presented, apart from that one: The violent offense rate in America has truly gone down substantially within the last twenty years. Our anxieties, though, have risen, due to high-profile occurrences of mass killings of individuals found unaware. Killers took lives in churches, academic institutions, hospitals, government complexes, and the website of any marathon, the Twin Towers and a good part of any military bottom part where military were regarded as unarmed. [5] These killings identify the actual fact that anybody, and some of our family members, are susceptible when caught with this shield down against someone else who would like to do injury. Does it subject what tool they used? If it was a rifle, a tube bomb, a pickup truck of fertilizer, a pressure cooker or a planes the outcome is the same. Yet an incredible number of other people possess the freedom to get those exact same things and can never utilize them to get rid of. These horrific mass killings were dedicated by an extremely small number of men and women who want to harm and eliminate others. Ultimately, inside our horror, we provide them with a voice they might never have got otherwise. Just access a deadly tool doesnt switch someone into a killer. Most of us who have vehicles have felt some type of extreme anger at other individuals because we feel they have got put us in harms way. Even special ops men, military and law enforcement officials who are trained to get rid of for respectable purposes, who are aware of multiple weapons and also have usage of the weaponry and ammunition even these individuals, who are experienced, will let you know they never know if indeed they can take the lead to until positioned able to use deadly drive to protect someone else. My federal has proven that it is unable to protect me against people who wish to wipe out. And I dont blame the federal government, because there is merely one person at fault here: The person or girl who made a decision to kill. [5] Automobiles are tools that is involved with as much deaths as weapons. With this country, we give liberty and take it away once you end up being unworthy of the flexibility weve given you. No one suggests removing cars or going right through a power supply of tests to find out if you may be a drunk drivers 1 day. Understandably, we wish a remedy to ensure that people and our family members will never maintain the situation to be trapped unaware by a person who thought we would do offense. Mass killers have targeted churches, businesses, concert halls, schools and private hospitals, nonetheless they could as easily take their assault to a location where people are equipped. Yet they dont. Even at Fort Hood, the killer opt for place on the bottom where he recognized military would be unarmed. And what we have to do is find the courage to simply accept that from the dawn of energy before day man no more walks the planet earth, evil will see a means. Murder is little or nothing new, it isnt going away which is not reliant on one technique of eliminating or another. We are able to forge ahead realizing that while bad is in our midst, it includes the few. The nice, responsible people will be the vast majority. We are able to trust the other person with basic freedoms until one individual shows to be untrustworthy by maliciously, intentionally harming another individual. [5] Misunderstanding about gun control There are so many misunderstandings that it is hard to learn where to start. For one, we have to understand that weve experienced an amazing reduction in violent criminal offenses and gun criminal offense in the U.S. because the early on 1990s, even although amount of firearms has increased by about 10 million each year. There is no simple correspondence between your volume of firearms in private hands and the quantity of gun criminal offense, and I often think it is somewhat peculiar that there appears to be a notion that things are more serious than ever before when, the truth is, things are actually better than they are for many years. People also needs to remember that most gun-related fatalities are suicides, not murders. You will discover doubly many suicides in the U.S. by weapons as there are homicides and I believe most people discover that very surprising. Again and again one reads that 30,000 individuals have been wiped out with weapons, but whats not said is the fact 20,000 of these needed their own lives. But perhaps the most frequent misperception of most, and the idea I wish to underline over and over is that there surely is no simple, effective insurance policy to reduce firearm crime that is merely there for the requesting so long as weve the politics will to do it. That solution doesnt are present. Its very difficult to find an effort that is implementable and enforceable that could make almost any a direct effect on gun offense. [6] The Term ‘Gun Control’  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Weapon control’ is a wide term that addresses any kind of limitation on what varieties of firearms can be sold and bought, who is able to own or sell them, where and exactly how they could be stored or taken, what tasks a seller must vet a buyer, and what commitments both buyer and owner have to survey transactions to the federal government. Sometimes, the word is also used to protect related concerns, like restrictions on types of ammunition and newspapers, or technology, like the sort that allows weapons to fire only once gripped by their owners. Lately, weapon control debates have centered mainly on criminal background checks for clients, allowing visitors to carry weapons in public areas, and whether to permit the ownership of assault rifles. [7] Conclusion Weve slipped into a land of administration that has guaranteed the moon, hardly ever delivered and powered us into an environment of more laws and regulations, more federal, and less liberty and none of them of this has quit murder, pain and anguish. No government provides the utopia many seek. I am hoping our people keep tight to the idea that we dont need to be considered a fear-ridden country centered on restrictions, but instead that we continue to be the land of the free and home of the fearless. References Californias proposed gun laws wont change our culture of violence, but they will make us safer. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-adv-california-guns-20160422-story.html Marcotte, A. (2015, October 1). 4 pro-gun arguments we’re sick of hearing. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/4-pro-gun-arguments-were-sick-of-hearing-20151001 DeFillipis, E., & Hughes, D. (2016). 5 arguments against gun control—and why they are all wrong. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-defilippis-hughes-gun-myths-debunked-20160708-snap-story.html Wilson, J. Q. (2007, April 20). Gun control isn’t the answer. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-wilson20apr20-story.html Kyle, T. (2013, July 18). ‘American Sniper’ widow: Gun control won’t protect us. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/07/opinions/taya-kyle-gun-control Davidson, J. (2015, December 1). A criminologist’s case against gun control. Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/4100408/a-criminologists-case-against-gun-control Perez-Pena, R. (2015, October 7). Gun control explained. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/07/us/gun-control-explained.html?_r=0

Essay --

â€Å"You cannot hinder someone’s free will, that’s the first law of the Universe, no matter what the decision.† ― E.A. Bucchianeri One of the most controversial debates in the United States is abortion. It remains a highly politicized issue based on morality, gender roles, political ideology, personal responsi ¬bility and human rights. Even with increased state restrictions and the anti-choice movement’s efforts to limit abortion, half of unin ¬tended pregnancies in the United States still end in abortion (Mohr, 1979). When discussing abortion it is easy to get lost in your own views whether they are pro-choice or pro-life but ultimately one must remain mindful that though highly debatable; abortion is legal within the United States and it is the women’s choice what they decide to do with their bodies. This quote directly relates to the current Abortion Op-out policy revolving around abortion. The current debate of abortion surrounds around the most recent Affordable Car Act (healthcare reform law) which began under the Obama Administration. The law allows states (through legislation) to prohibit abortion coverage in qualified health plans offered through an exchange. If insurance coverage for abortion is included in a plan in the exchange, a separate premium is required for this coverage paid for by the policyholder. (Bailey, 2011) To this date close to 30 states have passed the Abortion Opt-Out Law and have already began enforcing it or plan to begin in 2014. In Michigan this law was initially vetoed by Governor Synder but later petitioned and will most likely be added to the ballot in November 2014. The enactment of this law has effects on the economy in many different ways. It has the ability to hinder a woman’s decisions when ... ...bortion laws and restrictions pro-choice are fighting to destroy those laws and restriction. It is a constant ongoing political battle for pro-choice and pro-life supporters as there will always be conflict regarding the issue. Conclusion All in all, it takes a lot of effort to evoke social change and make social policies. It takes the support of social movement organizations, political legislators, and community activist. Together they all look at the effects the policy would have on the economy and the individuals. When it comes to Abortion Opt-Out it has been founded that many American’s are in support of the law and while they do support abortion they do not wish public funds to pay for it. Though the restrictive laws are tedious and cumbersome the outcomes of the children who are born into families that want them ultimately have positive outcomes later in life.